Conceptualizing Naval Helicopter Landing Gear Engineering Essay

Conceptualizing Naval Helicopter Landing Gear Engineering Essay The landing gear is an important part of an aircraft as far as the take-offs and landings are concerned. The landing gear mechanisms (or structures) are pretty simple in case of the commercial helicopter as compared to the commercial airplanes. But, that is not the case for the naval helicopters. Because of the not-so-friendly landing conditions, the naval helicopter must have sophisticated landing gear mechanism connected with its fuselage. The design of the landing gear mechanism for the naval helicopter should be such that the helicopter can land safely in aircraft carrier as well as in ground; also, the mechanism should not fail under the sea wave excitation, while in ground condition. b. Research on landing gear During the initial days of the human flying history, the flyers used to have the Skids as landing gears. The skids are still very much in use for commercial helicopters. But, for the airplanes and for the naval helicopters wheels are used mostly for the landing gears. The wheels are connected with the shock absorbers to form the landing gears. The landing gear, then, get connected with the fuselage in various fashions based upon the size of the aircraft. All the wheel based landing gears can broadly be categorized in three main categories: Conventional Tri-cycle Tandem Fig.1: Showing three basic types of wheel based landing gears Two front wheels and a rear tail wheel are used to form the conventional landing gear. The older aircrafts still have this type of landing gear. Ground handling is bit difficult here. The tri-cycle configurations has two (or multiple of two) wheels at rear and minimum of one nose wheel (s) at front. It gives better ground handling comfort and used widely for small sized aircrafts. On the basis of the wheel arrangements, different types of tri-cycle arrangements are possible (as shown below) Fig.2: Showing different types of Tri-Cycle configurations (as per Federal Aviation Administration nomenclature) The multiples of landing gears are placed in line to form a complex tandem landing gear system. Different combinations of tandem are possible (as shown below): Fig.3: Showing different types of Tandem configurations (as per Federal Aviation Administration nomenclature) c. Conceptualizing Naval helicopter Landing Gear After studying different types of available landing gears configurations, I have decided to develop the landing gear concept of Single wheel main gear with dual wheel nose gear configuration. It s a kind of tri-cycle configuration. Fig.4: Showing the rough landing gear concept I have decided to use only torsion spring as shock absorbing elements for the concept. d. Preliminary Design Calculations In order further developing the concept, I have used the following data: Total mass of the helicopter = 5126 Kg Sprung mass on each spring, m = 2563 Kg Distance between the front and rear gear = 5 m Distance between the two rear gears= 2m Normal landing: Vertical descent speed of the helicopter = 0.5 m/sec Vertical deck speed = 0 So, the relative speed between the deck and the helicopter, v =0. 5 m/sec=500 mm/sec So, the kinetic energy of the helicopter, KE = 0.5*m*v^2 = 320375000 kg-mm^2/sec^2 The energy stored in the torsion spring, SE= 0.5*k*r^2 =0.5*k Where, k= spring rate in N-mm/degree r=deformation of the spring =1 degree (assumed) Now, as KE = SE .eqn.1 So, k= 640750000 N-mm/Degree I will use this spring rate for rest of the two landing conditions to find out the deformations of the torsion springs. Hard landing: Vertical descent speed of the helicopter = 3 m/sec Vertical deck speed = -3 m/sec So, the relative speed between the deck and the helicopter, v =6 m/sec=6000 mm/sec K= 640750000 N-mm/degree So, by using the eqn.1: r= 12 degree Crush landing: Vertical descent speed of the helicopter = 15 m/sec Vertical deck speed = 0m/sec So, the relative speed between the deck and the helicopter, v =15 m/sec=15000 mm/sec K= 640750000 N-mm/degree So, by using the eqn.1: r= 30 degree So, I will start my ADAMS design with the values obtained from this hand calculation and gradually fine tune the values in order to meet the landing criteria. e. Converting the Conceptual Design to ADAMS Mechanisms I have used the MSC ADAMS software for preparing two landing gear mechanism design options out of the conceptual design and the hand calculations. The two design options differ in terms of heights. Parametric design advantage of the ADAMS software is utilized for creating the two design options. While creating the two mechanism design options, the following ADAMS options are utilized: Point : Points are used for creating basic locations of all the important elements of the design (like centre of the wheels etc.) Torus : Wheels of the landing gears are created using the torus option. Link : All the structural members (like top frame, axels etc) are created using this option. Box : This tool is used for creating the landing deck of the air craft carrier. Torsion Spring : This is for creating the front and rear torsion springs. Hinge Joint : This option is for creating all the revolute joints of the mechanism. Translational Joint : This option is used for creating the translational joints. Contact : The contacts between the wheels and the deck are created using this option. e.1. ADAMS Mechanism Option-1 The mechanism option-1 looks like below: Fig.5: Showing the ADAMS Mechanism option-1 Arrangement The points table for the mechanism option-1 looks like below: Fig.6: Showing the point table for the mechanism option-1 e.2. ADAMS Mechanism Option-2 The mechanism option-2 looks like below: Fig.7: Showing the ADAMS Mechanism option-2 Arrangement The points table for the mechanism option-2 looks like below: Fig.8: Showing the point table for the mechanism option-2 e.3. Selecting the Optimum ADAMS Landing Gear Mechanism The selection of the best design out of the two options is done by observing the acceleration values. The acceleration plots for the hard landing conditions (descent velocity of the helicopter = 3 m/sec and upward deck speed = 3m/sec) for both the concepts are shown below: Fig.9: Showing the hard landing condition acceleration plots for both the concepts The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for the design -2 is more than 50 m/sec2. The acceleration plots for the crush landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter =15 m/sec and upward deck speed = 0 m/sec) for both the options are shown below: Fig.10: Showing the crush landing condition acceleration plots for both the concepts The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for the design option-2 is much higher in case of the crush landing condition. So, on the basis of the above two tests, it can be concluded that the design option-1 is better among the two options. Hence, I have selected the design option-1 for further analysis. f. Testing the Selected ADAMS mechanism (design option-1) Against the Specified Landing Conditions Normal Landing Condition: The acceleration plot for normal landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter = 0.5 m/sec and upward deck speed = 0m/sec) for the design option-1 is shown below: Fig.11: Showing the normal landing condition acceleration plots for the Design Option-1 The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for normal landing condition for the design option-1 is 7.5 m/sec2. Hard Landing Condition: The acceleration plot for normal landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter = 3 m/sec and upward deck speed = 3m/sec) for the design option-1 is shown below: Fig.12: Showing the hard landing condition acceleration plots for the Design Option-1 The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for hard landing condition for the design option-1 is 48.1 m/sec2. Crush Landing Condition: The acceleration plot for normal landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter = 15 m/sec and upward deck speed = 0m/sec) for the design option-1 is shown below: Fig.13: Showing the crush landing condition acceleration plots for the Design Option-1 The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for hard landing condition for the design option-1 is 119.6 m/sec2. g. Running the Vibration Analysis for the Selected ADAMS Mechanism The vibration analysis is performed for the Design option-1 using the ADAMS vibration plug-in. For simulating the sea wave oscillations, two acceleration actuators are used at front and the rear axles. One output channel is created at the COG of the top frame. The output channel is used for measuring the acceleration at the COG of the frame. Fig.14: Showing the Frequency Response Analysis plot for the Design Option-1 The pick of the above frequency response plot indicates the resonating frequency for the design option-1. So, the resonating frequency here is 64.5 Hz. h. Consolidated Results for Design Option-1 Parameters Values Maximum Normal Landing Acceleration (m/sec2) 7.5 Maximum Normal Landing Acceleration (m/sec2) 48.1 Maximum Normal Landing Acceleration (m/sec2) 119.6 Resonating Frequency (Hz) 64.5 i. Discussion Task-1: This task is covered in the section-c and section-d. Task-2: This task is covered in Section-f. Task-3: This task is covered in section-g. Task-4: This task is covered in section-e. j. Conclusion The ADAMS is a powerful tool for creating and testing a mechanism under specified conditions. The parametric feature of ADAMS helps creating different design iterations easier. The design option-1 passed all the landing conditions specified for the assignment. Also, the resonating frequency observed for the design option-1 is 64.5 Hz. k. References http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/orders/media/Construction_5300_7.pdf http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/flight14.htm http://www.helis.com/howflies/skids.php http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/M96SC.html

A Laptop Computer

A laptop is a portable personal computer. They have furthermost of the similar components as a desktop computer, likewise a display screen, a pointing device such as a touchpad which also known as a track pads, a keyboard, and 2 speakers. Laptop computers are powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used away from using a rechargeable battery. Sometimes there are also called notebook computers or notebooks. Laptops are portable computers. They are standard devices between students, businesspeople, and people who daily use their computer on the go.The cost of laptop is more than desktop computers for similar specifications, due to their nearby portability. They can have as extremely power and speed in place of desktops and laptop can be easily connect to external device for instance, monitors or keyboards, and other peripherals. They are more comfortable for use in business meetings, classrooms, cars, planes, trains, etc. Moreover, Laptops are that you can take all o ver the place with you without any difficulty.It can take up very small space and people can only use for few hours without access to power. Laptop computers come in many sizes, which generally refer to the size of the display. They can choice from a 10-inch to 20-inch for normal laptops. Laptops come in several resolutions ranging from 1280Ãâ€"800 to 1920Ãâ€"1080. Laptop video cards and processors are designed built on the desktop processors, but they are produced with low power in mind. They are generally less powerful than the desktop computer.Furthermore, they are increasing in popularity and for moral reason. They have benefits that are incomparable by desktop machines. And, bigger technology has dramatically dropped the price on most models. The laptop's small size removes the need for a large computer desk, and peripherals (scanners, printers, and mobile phone and external hard-drives) are simply linked with a USB cable. Wireless internet or Wi-Fi connectivity is possible, and most components now feature built-in fingerprint readers, Web cams, speakers and other operating systems.Laptop is a good technology because it very easy to take it anywhere. People can easily access to the internet and get their information by the help of Wi-Fi. Most of people are turning toward from desktop computers to laptop because its cost is decreasing, now nearby the same price as a similarly desktop computer. I really my laptop it save my time. When the electricity is gone, my laptop still on, so by the help of laptop I easily completes my assignments.

The Methodist Movement in America Essay - 4411 Words

From the time it was introduced to America in 1766, by Phillip Embury in New York and Robert Strawbridge in Maryland (Methodism 2) until the middle of the 19th century, Methodism enjoyed a meteoric rise. At the time of the American Revolution Methodists comprised a very small percentage of the American religious population, and yet by the mid 1800s Methodism was a dominant religious movement. In fact, historian William Warren Sweet claims that while â€Å"of all the religious bodies in America at the close of the American Revolution, the Methodists were the most insignificant,† it can now safely be said that â€Å"Methodism was to the West what Puritanism was to New England,† (3) that is, the dominant cultural and religious force. In fact, he†¦show more content†¦In the midst of this fierce conflict Samuel Wesley was jailed for some debts. While he was in jail, it seems, his congregation burned his fields and killed his livestock. Later, on February 9, 1709, th ey set fire to his rectory. John Wesley’s earliest experiences in this world were of this conflict between the unyielding stubbornness of a worldly people and the uncompromising claims of a man of God. This conflict undoubtedly shaped the course of his life and religious views, but, even more influential was his experience of the fire at the rectory. He was just five years old when the only home he had ever known was set on fire, with him still in it. His father, â€Å"unable to go back through the fire to the boy’s room,† gave up on him, and â€Å"prayed for God to receive him,† (Heydt 1). But John Wesley was not yet ready to leave this world he had only just begun to experience, and God was not yet ready to receive him. When all hope seemed lost, he jumped out of a window into the arms of his mother, â€Å"just as the building’s roof collapsed,† (Heydt 2). 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Dreams Is The Prime Destination For Many Immigrants

Dreams are powerful. They are images that flash in our mind as we sleep or goals that define us while we are awake. For centuries, dreams have been the reason for immigrants to come to America. Dreams of a better job, education and life or dreams of refuge, love and riches. America has been the prime destination for many immigrants that seek opportunities and a better future. My family was no exception. As a native born Malaysian, I have lived in my hometown for ten years before making the huge move to the U.S. One reason for the big move is that dreams cannot prosper in Malaysia. More often than not, the dreams of becoming a firefighter or a doctor simply vanishes and dies because of the ineffective governance of Malaysia’s leaders. If my family wanted any possibility of a bright future, America was the answer. It was a Wednesday in the month of December. Our whole family boarded the planed headed to the state of Texas, USA. 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The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2.2. The Process of Americanization in American History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 2.3. 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